philosopher

Milan Kundera

Czech writer who went into exile in France in 1975, becoming a naturalised French citizen in 1981. Kundera’s Czechoslovak citizenship was revoked in 1979; he received his Czech citizenship in 2019. He “sees himself as a French writer and insists his work should be studied as French literature and classified as such in book stores”.Kundera’s best-known work is The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Stanislaw Lem

Polish writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism

Russell Kirk

American political theorist, moralist, historian, social critic, and literary critic, known for his influence on 20th-century American conservatism

Thomas S. Kuhn

American philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom

C. G. Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher

Douglas R. Hofstadter

American scholar of cognitive science, physics, and comparative literature whose research includes concepts such as the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

American jurist and legal scholar who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932. He is one of the most widely cited United States Supreme Court justices and most influential American common law judges in history, noted for his long service, concise, and pithy opinionsparticularly for opinions on civil liberties and American constitutional democracyand deference to the decisions of elected legislatures

Horace

Leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus . The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: “He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.”Horace also crafted elegant hexameter verses and caustic iambic poetry . The hexameters are amusing yet serious works, friendly in tone, leading the ancient satirist Persius to comment: “as his friend laughs, Horace slyly puts his finger on his every fault; once let in, he plays about the heartstrings”.His career coincided with Rome’s momentous change from a republic to an empire