19th-century atheists

Marcel Proust

French novelist, critic, and essayist who wrote the monumental novel In Search of Lost Time , originally published in French in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927. He is considered by critics and writers to be one of the most influential authors of the 20th century.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher, cultural critic and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history

Karl Marx

German philosopher, critic of political economy, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary